A review of passivity breakdown on metal surfaces: influence of chloride- and sulfide-ion concentrations, temperature, and pH

Abstract Metals, including austenitic steels and alloys, have been extensively applied in industrial engineering applications. Passive films on metal surfaces are very important for corrosion protection. However, localized attack, such as passive film breakdown the initiation of pits, is found upon exposure metals to aggressive ion-containing environments, leading material failure prominent adverse economic safety concerns. For several decades, mechanism passivity pit nucleation during pitting has widely studied. The present article provides a detailed review effects complicated conditions, chloride- sulfide-ion concentrations, temperature, solution pH, breakdown. possible reviewed discussed. composition, structure, electronic properties layers conclusive importance understand mechanism, they investigated with different techniques. Furthermore, we aim chemical by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Additionally, surface morphology analyzed scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission (TEM), atomic force (AFM) Finally, effect temperature discussed detail.